The Valorization of Banana By-Products: Nutritional Composition, Bioactivities, Applications, and Future Development

The Valorization of Banana By-Products: Nutritional Composition, Bioactivities, Applications, and Future Development

Abstract

:

1. Introduction

2. Banana Stem and Leaves

2.1. Fraction of Banana Stems and Leaves

2.1.1. Bio-Oil

2.1.2. Minerals

2.1.3. Dietary Fiber

2.1.4. Polyphenols and Flavonoids

2.2. Comprehensive Utilization of Banana Stems and Leaves

2.2.1. Fertilizer Utilization

2.2.2. Feed Utilization

2.2.3. Biomass Energy Utilization

2.2.4. Fiber Products

3. Banana Inflorescence

3.1. Fraction of Banana Inflorescence

3.1.1. Protein

3.1.2. Carbohydrates

3.1.3. Lipids

3.1.4. Minerals

3.1.5. Polyphenols

3.2. Biofunction

3.2.1. Antioxidant Activities

3.2.2. Antidiabetic Activities

3.2.3. Anti-Cancer Activities

3.2.4. Cardiovascular Protective Activities

3.2.5. Other Biological Activities

3.3. Comprehensive Utilization of the Banana Inflorescence

3.3.1. Pharmacological Applications

3.3.2. Food Applications

4. Banana Peel

4.1. Fraction of Banana Peel

4.1.1. Protein

4.1.2. Fatty Acids

4.1.3. Minerals

4.1.4. Dietary Fiber

4.1.5. Polyphenols

4.2. Biofunction

4.2.1. Antioxidant Activities

4.2.2. Antimicrobial Agent

4.2.3. Anti-Disease Activities

4.3. Comprehensive Utilization of Banana Peel

4.3.1. Food Processing Raw Material

Nutrient Content	Extraction Method	Properties of Extracted Component	Application	Purpose	References
Protein	Acid extraction (glacial acetic acid)	With antioxidant and anti-fungal properties	Food or feed	Increase the content of amino acids in food or feed	[69]
Dietary fiber	Prior to extracting the dietary fiber, tap Water was used to rinse the wet milled BP powder.	Chicken sausage, fish patties, cookies	To increase the amount of dietary fiber	[89,91,92,93]
Fatty acids	ND	Anti-atherosclerotic, anti-thrombotic	Drugs that prevent cardiovascular disease, cancer, osteoporosis, diabetes, and other illnesses	Increasing the content of fatty acids in food	[71,72]
Mineral	ND	Used as fertilizer to supplement soil nutrients	Improve soil fertility	[94]
Pectinases	BP powder was added to a base medium that already contained yeast extract, K2HPO4, KH2PO4, and KNO3, following that, the samples were incubated in a solution at 37 °C while being shaken at 150 rpm.	The four lactic acid bacteria that were studied responded positively to the prebiotic effects of the banana peel powder that this enzyme hydrolyzed, suggesting that B. amyloliquefaciens TKU050 pectinase may be a good option for generating prebiotics	Release fibers by attacking non-cellulosic components in the sheath	get cellulose	[95]
Carbohydrate (pectin, xylose, xylooligosaccharides)	Banana peels were pre-treated with citric acid and alkaline solutions, then enzymatic hydrolysis (Cellic® CTec2) was performed on the peels	The breakdown of a banana peel demonstrated that pectin, xylose, and xylooligosaccharides all necessary carbohydrates could be removed from its cell walls with a high yield	Replenishes the role of carbohydrates in the body, but also has the effect of protecting the liver and detoxification	Using Banana Peels as a Carbohydrate Supplement	[96]
Polyphenols	ND	Significantly reduces the peroxide value of fish balls	Fish ball preservative	Preservation freshness to increase the storage time of fish	[78]

4.3.2. Production of Feed

4.3.3. Fertilizer Utilization

4.3.4. Energy Utilization

4.3.5. Bioremediation

4.3.6. Food Packaging

4.3.7. Pharmacological Applications

5. Problems and Countermeasures in Utilization of Banana By-Products

5.1. Pesticide and Ripening Agent Residues

5.2. Difficulties in Collecting

5.3. Backwardness of Comprehensive Utilization Technology

5.4. Problems with the Properties of Banana By-Products Themselves

6. Conclusions

Author Contributions

Funding

Data Availability Statement

Acknowledgments

Conflicts of Interest

References

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Nutritional Composition	Function	Applications	References
Bio-oil	Heat generation by pyrolysis, reducing greenhouse gas emissions	Biochar, soil conditioners, ethanol, biogas	[12,21]
Minerals	Essential elements for human health	Making functional bread with probiotics, organic fertilizer	[16]
Fiber	Facilitates the digestion and absorption of many nutrients and prevents many diseases	Good nutritional quality and organoleptic acceptability when added to instant noodles, feed, clothing, paper, sanitary pads	[15,18,22,23]
Polyphenols and flavonoids	Strong resistance to oxidation	Gingival depigmenting agents	[19]

Biological Activities	Chemical Components	Extraction Method	Main Findings	Applications	References
Antioxidant activities	Total phenolics, flavonoids, tannins	70% aqueous acetone extracts	In the β-carotene linoleic acid system, extracts showed radical scavenging (ABTS, DPPH, and superoxide), and prevention of lipid peroxidation	Reduces the chance of diseases such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Chicken with banana inflorescence, burger	[51]
Total phenolics	Methanol extracts	Extracts demonstrated lipid peroxidation inhibition in the β-carotene linoleic acid system, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and free radical scavenging activities (ABTS, DPPH)	[52]
Dietary fiber and associated polyphenols	Water-soluble polysaccharides and fractions	Polysaccharide fractions had DPPH radical scavenging, FRAP, and metal chelating activities	[37]
Umbelliferone and lupeol	bioassay-guided isolation of an ethanol extract	Extracts and isolated substances demonstrated reducing capability, an inhibitory impact against lipid peroxidation, and the ability to scavenge free radicals (ABTS, DPPH, and superoxide)	[53]
Anti-diabetic activities	Total phenolics; phenolic acids	extracts with water and different organic solvents	In Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, extracts had various degrees of stimulatory effects on glucose uptake	As a potential antidiabetic agent	[54]
Gallic acid, quercetin and epicatechin	Extracts of methanol and its fractions (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and water fractions)	Intragastric administration of the ethyl acetate part (200 mg/kg body weight/day) for 60 days resulted in a significant decrease in blood glucose levels, lipid peroxidation products	[45]
β-sitosterol, 31-norcyclolaudenone, and (24R)-4α, 14α. 4-trimethyl-5α-cholesta-8, 25(27)-dien-3β-ol	Ethanol extract	Isolated substances prevented the production of AGEs in the BSA-fructose model and the activity of α-glucosidase and α-amylase	[55]
Anti-disease activities	GCMS profiling was used to identify steroids, fatty acids, and long chain aliphatic chemicals.	Ethanol extracts	Extracts significantly slowed the expansion of HT-29 and other cell lines	Anti-cancer drug that induces apoptosis in cancer cells	[48]
Polyphenols	Methanol and ethyl acetate extracts	Based on information from cellular and proteomic techniques, in HT-29 cells, methanol extract resulted in apoptotic cell death	[56]
Cardiovascular protective activities	ND	Methanol and ethyl acetate extracts	LDL oxidation and ACE activity were both reduced by methanol extract.	[48]
Anti-microbial	Total phenolics	Methanol extract	Extracts showed various degrees of antibacterial activity against a number of harmful microorganisms that can be found in food	Food preservations	[57]
polyphenols, steroids	Extracts were made using water and a variety of organic solvents, including petroleum ether, isopropanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, hexane, methanol, and ethanol	Extracts showed variable degrees of antibacterial activity against certain Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria	[58]
Anti-inflammatory	Gallic acid, quercetin and epicatechin	Extracts of methanol and its fractions (water, petroleum ether, and ethyl acetate fractions)	In the liver of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, the ethyl acetate fraction downregulated the mRNA expression of TNF-α, TGF-β1, NF-κB, and IL-6 and suppressed the activity of 5-LOX and COX-2 in monocytes	Anti-inflammatory drugs	[45]
Anti-obesity	Total phenolics	Water extracts	Pancreatic lipase activity was reduced by water extracts	Weight loss potential	[59]

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Zou, F.; Tan, C.; Zhang, B.; Wu, W.; Shang, N. The Valorization of Banana By-Products: Nutritional Composition, Bioactivities, Applications, and Future Development. Foods 2022, 11, 3170. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11203170

Zou F, Tan C, Zhang B, Wu W, Shang N. The Valorization of Banana By-Products: Nutritional Composition, Bioactivities, Applications, and Future Development. Foods. 2022; 11(20):3170. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11203170

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zou, Fanglei, Chunming Tan, Bo Zhang, Wei Wu, and Nan Shang. 2022. “The Valorization of Banana By-Products: Nutritional Composition, Bioactivities, Applications, and Future Development” Foods 11, no. 20: 3170. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11203170